goldstone boson उदाहरण वाक्य

उदाहरण वाक्य

1. Goldstone's theorem in quantum field theory states that in a system with broken continuous symmetry, there may exist excitations with arbitrarily low energy, called the Goldstone bosons.
2. Chiral symmetry breaking occurs as before, caused by the same VEV . However, as the spontaneously broken symmetry is now continuous, a massless Goldstone boson appears in the spectrum.
3. The properties of these pseudo-Goldstone bosons can normally be thus found by an expansion around the ( exactly ) symmetric theory in terms of the explicit symmetry-breaking parameters.
4. From a mathematical perspective the auxiliary field is a variety of Goldstone boson, and its use has advantages when identifying the asymptotic states of the theory, and especially when generalizing beyond QED.
5. The controlling approximate symmetries, if they were exact, would be spontaneously broken ( hidden ), and would thus engender massless Nambu-Goldstone bosons, in the absence of explicit breaking.
6. Continuing the analogy with QCD, the running gauge coupling ? TC ( ? ) triggers spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking, the technifermions acquire a dynamical mass, and a number of massless Goldstone bosons result.
7. Jeffrey Goldstone proved that where symmetry is broken, additional bosons, the Nambu Goldstone bosons, will then be observed in the spectrum of possible states; one canonical example being the phonon in a crystal.
8. Using Abelian gauge models, they showed that, " if " such a Goldstone boson is formed, it is " eaten " by the Higgs mechanism, becoming the longitudinal component of the now massive gauge boson.
9. In 1973, Weinstein showed that composite Goldstone bosons whose constituent fermions transform in the  standard way under " SU " ( 2 ) ?" " U " ( 1 ) generate the weak boson masses
10. When N f = 2, i . e ., only the strange quark is also treated as massless, i . e ., 3 } }, all eight pseudoscalar mesons of the quark model become Goldstone bosons.