instanton उदाहरण वाक्य

उदाहरण वाक्य

1. reflecting the existence in the corresponding quantum field theory of an instanton with fermionic zero-modes which violates the degree of the cohomology corresponding to a state by units.
2. Furthermore, they conjectured the existence of a family of twisted chiral gravity theories parametrized by elements of the monster, suggesting a connection with generalized moonshine and gravitational instanton sums.
3. The second two names are somewhat anachronistic, but since the integrals of the last two are related to the instanton number and Euler characteristic respectively, they have some justification.
4. The semi-classical percolation picture of the quantum Hall transition is therefore outdated ( although still widely used ) and we need to understand the delocalization mechanism as an instanton effect.
5. A well understood and illustrative example of an " instanton " and its interpretation can be found in the context of a QFT with a unaltered transform, the Pontryagin index.
6. He initiated ( with V . Gurarie, G . Falkovich, and V . Lebedev ) description of intermittency in nonlinear systems by means of Instanton solutions of the stochastic differential equations.
7. Thus the " symmetric double-well potential " served for many years as a model to illustrate the concept of instanton as a pseudo-classical configuration in a Euclideanised field theory.
8. The constraint imposes instanton type solutions on the curvature-squared'Yang-Mielke theory'of gravity, proposed in its affine form already by Weyl 1919 and by Yang in 1974.
9. The kind of physical excitation that yields an instanton depends on the number of dimensions of the spacetime, but, surprisingly, the formalism for dealing with these instantons is relatively dimension-independent.
10. Various models have been proposed, introducing interactions between instantons or using variational methods ( like the " valley approximation " ) endeavoring to approximate the exact multi-instanton solution as closely as possible.