reference voltage उदाहरण वाक्य

Since this voltage is below the minimum reference voltage of the LM431, it remains off and very little current is conducted through the zener and cathode resistor.
Clipping circuits are used to select for purposes of transmission, that part of a signal wave form which lies above or below a certain reference voltage level.
The output of the LC circuit is rectified, and the resulting voltage is compared with a constant reference voltage to produce a feedback signal to control the motor speed.
The operating point of the PV array is thus kept near the MPP by regulating the array voltage and matching it to the fixed reference voltage V ref = kV OC.
A non-inverting amplifier so that the voltage of the output pin is continuously adjusted to be a fixed amount, the reference voltage, above that of the adjustment pin.

More stable adjustments can be made by providing a reference voltage that is less sensitive than a resistive divider to current fluctuations, such as a diode drop or a voltage buffer.
A " voltage level detector " can be obtained if a reference voltage " V " ref is applied to one of the op-amp's inputs.
For your guitar effects pedal, both the input and output jacks each have an outer terminal which should be connected to " the ground " ( reference voltage ) in your circuit.
Each dashed vertical line represents a decision point by the controller where it samples the polarity of the output and chooses to apply either the positive or negative reference voltage to the input.
Resistor voltage dividers are commonly used to create reference voltages, or to reduce the magnitude of a voltage so it can be measured, and may also be used as signal attenuators at low frequencies.